Best Model For The Welfare State Politics Essay

Best Model For The Welfare State Politics Essay A welfare state engages the responsibility of a state to secure the basic modicum of welfare to its citizens. It seeks to know whether social policies are liberatory and help in legitimization or help in the market process (Castles Pierson, 2007). In a welfare state, the government plays a big role in protecting and promoting the economic and social well-beings of the citizens. It believes in the social equity and justice in that there is equality of opportunity, wealth allocation is equivalent, and the people are philanthropic in that they help the less fortunate. In a welfare state, there is democracy, welfare and they practice capitalism. The Western Europe and the United States have been examples of welfare state models. The welfare state created by conservatives and opposed by socialist and labour unions has been of continuous debates on whether it is beneficial. There was the German welfare state, the British welfare state, the French welfare state and the modern Europe (Kenne tt, 2004). The United States followed suit and joined the western countries in instituting social welfare policies. The models dealt with mainly poverty relief but the modern models are universal in that they tend to concentrate on all citizens. Firstly, this paper is going to introduce the best welfare state model which seems as Social democratic model. Lastly, the reader should be able to know and explain the best regime by the end of the study. According to Esping -Anderson (1990), welfare regimes refer to bunches welfare states in terms of their level and quality of social rights and bases of stratification on which the welfare state is built. As Esping-Anderson acknowledged, the importance of the three welfare state models in Europe and America which were social democratic, corporatist and liberal (Castles Pierson, 2007). The social democratic welfare state believes in universalism in which all citizens are entitled to access the benefits. They believe in politics against the market. Examples of such states are Norway, Sweden and Finland. The corporatist welfare states believe in subsidiaries in which they offer insurance schemes. Examples of the states are Germany and Austria. The liberal states believe in market dominance and private investment in which the government helps only the poor and can provide for basic needs. The forces of supply and demand set the price of goods and services. They are the UK and the United States. All welfare states use either one of the models but to varying, extend. In the social democratic state, the criteria of citizenship are pervasive. The liberal welfare state is characterized by a stronger emphasis on means tested programs. In a social democratic state, individuals should be free and equal in the determination of the conditions of their own lives in that they should enjoy equal rights and equal obligations (Mookherjee, 2010). Rights to political participation should be distributed equally among citizens to provide them with an equal share of opportunities to act in public life. The democracy peace theory argues that citizens in a liberal democratic state are peaceful and liberal democracies have never engaged in war. Social democratic model puts more emphases on universalism, comprehensive risk coverage, generous benefit levels and egalitarianism. The state controls the economic and social policies. The state provides social services to its citizens and cares for the elderly and children. There is a high level of employment for women and people with disabilities. It heavily relies on the government provision to meet social needs and believes ion full employment as part of the welfare state. It is active and in the generation and maintenance. The social democratic model varies with others in terms of how it accords to the state, the market and family. While the corporatist model relies on social insurance and generous transfers to keep people well fed, social democratic welfare states provide a variety of social services and utilized the labour force to the best (Huber Stephens, 2001). Both of them are concerned with getting people out of poverty and are highly redistributive. The essential characteristic of the social democratic welfare is that they are comprehensive and inclusive, Universalist, redistributive, gender egalitarian and labour mobilizing. People can be able to apply their talents in generating more revenue or wealth for their nation. Profit margins are much more less than the other types, which leads social justice among the community (Glyn, 2001). The social democratic commitment to solidarity and equality gave rise to the universalistic and redistributive aspects of the welfare state. It advocates for citizenship criterion, which offer a basic, equal benefit to all irrespective of earnings, contributions or perfo rmance. This makes it better than the liberal model were one contribution to the insurance scheme determines his health care. In this model, citizenship is the membership in society and the rights. The gender is equal as far as obligations are concerned. The models views capitalist entrepreneurs as people much after achievement of self-interest. This tends to slow down the pace unto which capitalism is to be spread. Capitalism does not use the labor of undisciplined and neither can it make use of unscrupulous businessperson. However, there are those who can do anything to get wealthy as it the case of a Dutch sea captain. It therefore depicts that since capitalism is as old as human history there are those who are ruthless, may get involved into war and piracy to achieve wealth (Kennett, 2004). The redistributive model in the social democratic welfare believes that the market economy is successful in producing wealth. Unlike in capitalistic liberals where the wealth is unequally distributed, in this model there is equity for all irrespective of their social status. It does not advocate for health insurance as the liberal markets do. This is because it believes state health insurance schemes are able to achieve better results. The limitation is that opponents protest that the state should not engage in economic interventions. Gini coefficient measures the degree of income inequality. The coefficient varies between zero indicating equality and one hundred indicating inequality (Arnold, 2008). This means that in many capitalistic countries one person has all the income while others have none.. Inequality exists because people do not receive the same labour income, asset income and do not pay the same taxes. As CIA (2005) reported the coefficient was 45 in the US which is liberal state and 27 in corporatist country, Germany. The least coefficient was in Sweden, 23 which is social democratic country. In the social welfare state which advocates for equality most of the assets are owned by the state and it somehow controls wealth. Capitalism has a tendency of causing instability especially in cases of financial crisis. The claims for capitalism differ from the classical case for a competitive market. Some theorists such as Adam Smith had argued that presence of many buyers and sellers competing with one another in the marketplace would cause wasteful resource allocations. Capitalism has been associated with innovations and many economists argue that capitalism has to generate endogenous innovations. Joseph Schumpeter argues that innovations are normally a creation of business people and they are rules embodied in the new firms. The agents of change are the entrepreneurs who come up with new ideas and invest to generate profits. Limitations of social welfare states The social welfare states have some limitations. In a state where there is equality, the tax burden will be high to meet the expectations of the citizens. But it does not seem as a problem for the people of social democratic counties as labour market and taxation are balanced (Arts and Gelissen, 2002). Most welfare states are bureaucratic in that the citizens do not have much freedom since everything is being controlled by the state but the state to offer the best quality of services (ibid). It is expensive to run a social welfare state since the government can be forced to borrow to meet the demands of the people. However, the governments use that money in order to cover the socio-economic gap between poor and rich (Castles et al, 2010). Government interventions kill businesses since they dont allow for the prices to be set by demand and supply forces but the government controls the prices. But it gives stronger role in managing welfare (Ferragina Seeleib, 2011) Conclusion Although many capitalists will not agree with the conclusion is good hen a country is a social democrat than a capital democrat. The benefits of the social democratic welfares which believes in universalism is best compared to capitalist in which wealth lies in the hands of the few at the expense of others. The equal distribution of wealth and state ownership of assets as adjudicated by the Soviet Union in my opinion was the best. Though this will have been a topic of debate, forces of demand and supply should determine the prices of goods and services. This might lead to a monopolistic culture, which victimizes consumers. The social democratic welfare state believes in universalism in which all citizens are entitled to access the benefits. They believe in politics against the market. The paper concludes that it borrow some characteristics from Christian democratic state welfare, which will make this model a superb one. Countries using the two models have been economically equal unli ke countries like the United States where the gap between the rich and the poor is very wide.

Driving Restrictions Essay -- essays research papers

Driving Restrictions There are many accidents everyday that are costing people their lives. My young brothers and most definitely my grandparents would probably kill me for saying so, but there should be some changes made to the laws concerning the age requirements of drivers. If the State of Ohio changed the age requirement of operating a vehicle to between 18-70 years of age, our roads would be much safer to drive on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you had told me when I turned sixteen that I couldn’t get my license until I turned eighteen, I would have thrown a fit. Now that I am older, I realize that I had no business driving an automobile at 16 years old. I was the typical teenage driver. The cool one, who had the â€Å"Detroit lean,† with the seat tilted so far back that I couldn’t see over the dashboard, and could only reach the pedals with my big toe. There’s no way I could hear emergency sirens with the music being turned up so loud that it caused my mirrors shake. If asked most teens would say that they don’t think of the consequences their driving could bring, because if they had then the statistics of fatalities due to car accidents would not be so high. In 1997, according to the US Department of Transportation, 7,885 teens were involved in fatal crashes. They also claim that teen crashes are 4 times the normal rate of accidents. These accidents are occurring because teens tend to take more risks. They drive too fast and usually aren’t paying attention to the r...

Strategic Management Analysis of Saudi Aramco Ltd.

To: Prof. Dr. M. Mahmodul Hasan. Course Instructor, Faculty of Business, AIUB. Re: Submission of Term Paper on Saudi Aramco. Dear Sir, It is a grand contentment for us that we have been capable to submit the report. It’s been an enormous practice for us to bring about such a job and we took pleasure in the whole term paper making actions. We tried our degree best with our knowledge to make a full pledged report by analyzing all the available information. We hope that we have fulfilled all the requirements you have asked for. We would be delighted if you kindly accept the report and oblige us thereby.On behalf of the group ‘Jeener Badshah’ With Best Regards, Plaban Roy. Id. No. 11-94732-2. MBA Course: Strategic Management. Section: A. Department of Business Administration. Contents of term-paper as follows: 1. Acknowledgement Letter 2. Executive Summary 3. Definition of Strategy 4. Most Strategic Management Model 5. Company Detailed Profile including mission & visi on and Organogram 6. PESTEL, SWOT and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 7. SWAN Analysis & TWOS Matrix 8. Value Chain Analysis 9. ViSA Model & SMARTER Model 10. The BCG chart 11.PURE Objectives & GREAT Model 12. Market Analysis including Market Segmentation 13. EFE Matrix 14. CPM Matrix 15. QSPM Analysis 16. Financial Analysis 17. Competitor Analysis 18. Breakeven Analysis 19. KSF Analysis (Industry Key Success Factors) 20. Strategy Evaluation and Contingency Plan 21. Recommendation 22. Conclusion 23. References 2. Executive summary: Saudi Aramco (Arabic: ?Aramko s-Sa? udiyyah), officially the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, is a Saudi Arabian national oil and natural gas company based in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.Saudi Aramco's value has been estimated at up to US$10 trillion in the Financial Times, making it the world's most valuable company. Saudi Aramco has both the largest proven crude oil reserves, at more than 260 billion barrels (4. 1? 1010  m3), and largest daily oil producti on. Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco operates the world's largest single hydrocarbon network, the Master Gas System. Its yearly production is 7. 9 billion barrels (1. 26? 109  m3), and it managed over 100 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia, including 279 trillion standard cubic feet (scf) of natural gas reserves.Saudi Aramco owns the Ghawar Field, the world's largest oil field, and the Shaybah Field, one of the world's largest oil fields. Operations: Saudi Aramco is headquartered in Dhahran; and its operations span the globe which include exploration, producing, refining, chemicals, distribution and marketing. Objective of the study: 24. PESTEL, SWOT and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 25. SWAN Analysis ; TWOS Matrix 26. Value Chain Analysis 27. ViSA Model ; SMARTER Model 28. The BCG chart 29. PURE Objectives ; GREAT Model 30. Market Analysis including Market Segmentation 31.EFE Matrix 32. CPM Matrix 33. QSPM Analysis 34. Financial Analysis 35. Competitor Analysis 36. Breakeven Analysis 37. KSF Analysis (Industry Key Success Factors) 38. Strategy Evaluation and Contingency Plan 39. Strategy Evaluation and Contingency Plan 3. Definition of strategy: Strategy (Greek â€Å" † – strategia, â€Å"art of troop leader; office of general, command, generalship†) is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty. Strategy becomes ever necessary when it is known or suspected there are insufficient resources to achieve these goals.Strategy is also about attaining and maintaining a position of advantage over adversaries through the successive exploitation of known or emergent possibilities rather than committing to any specific fixed plan designed at the outset. Henry Mintzberg from McGill University defined strategy as â€Å"a pattern in a stream of decisions† to contrast with a view of strategy as planning [2] while Max McKeown (2011) argues that â€Å"strategy is about shaping the fu ture† and is the human attempt to get to â€Å"desirable ends with available means†. Good Strategy + Good Strategy Execution = Good Management . Most strategic management model: 1. PEST analysis 2. STEER Analysis 3. Five Forces Model 4. Strategic Group Map 5. SWOT analysis 6. Blue Ocean Strategies 7. Open innovation 8. seven S model 5. Company detailed profile including mission ; vision: The world’s need for energy is growing, but so too is our ability to meet that demand. Our teams have been discovering new and better ways of delivering petroleum energy since 1933. Find out more about our leadership, our history and the people who make us the world’s leading integrated petroleum enterprise.Who we are Not only is Saudi Aramco the state-owned oil company of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, we are also a fully integrated,  global petroleum and chemicals enterprise  and a world leader in exploration, production, refining, distribution, shipping and marketing. We manage the world’s  largest proven conventional crude oil and condensate reserves  of 259. 7 billion barrels. Our average daily crude production in 2011 was 9. 1 million barrels per day (bpd). We also have stewardship over the  world’s fourth-largest natural gas reserves  of 282. trillion standard cubic feet (scf). Saudi Aramco’s downstream accomplishments include our rank as the8th largest refiner in the world, with a worldwide refining capacity of 4. 02 million barrels per day (including domestic refineries, and domestic and international joint and equity ventures). We are also theworld’s top exporter of natural gas liquids  (NGL). Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco and its subsidiaries have offices throughout the Kingdom. We also have offices in North America, Europe and Asia.Our subsidiaries and affiliates are located in Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, India, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, the United Ara b Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. Our operations span the Kingdom, including its territorial waters in the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea, with production and distribution linking all market areas around the world. Vision: * Future of energy * Reliable supply * Contributing to the economy * Developing human potential * Sustainability * Wellness Powering possibilitiesAt Saudi Aramco we’re leading the drive to solve some of the issues that matter most to the global energy industry. We consider it our responsibility – to the Kingdom and the world. Transforming for the Future By 2020, Saudi Aramco will have evolved from being the leading oil and gas company that it is today, into a  fully integrated, truly global energy and chemicals enterprise  with extensive operations across the globe. What we aim to be tomorrow will facilitate a  diversified and sustainable expansion  of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s economy and enable a globally compet itive and vibrant Saudi energy sector.Our vision for the future is best described through the company’s 2020 Strategic Intent: * Shaping our business portfolio through  establishing an integrated value chain approach  in our crude oil mix, further develop the Kingdom’s unconventional gas resources and become a leading global chemicals and refining company. * Supporting the Kingdom in building a vibrant energy industry by promoting an energy efficient economy,  developing alternative energy options, and building a technology portfolio. Delivering an agile, flexible, and efficient organization  to achieve operational excellence and world-class reliability and safety performance through improved operational efficiency, agile decision-making and budgeting activities, insightful performance measurements, and business process improvement. * Building capacity, knowledge, and skills to improve our processes and systems of leadership selection and development, performan ce evaluation, innovation, and research and development. We will take the lead in developing a knowledge-based economy in Saudi Arabia.In short, we aim to unlock the potential of our people and our enterprise to transform from a company of which the Kingdom is proud into a company of which the world is proud. 6. Five Forces Model The five forces model is a framework that analysts use to evaluate the interior factors affecting competition and the external factors affecting bargaining power. This helps to understand the industry and what strategies are needed to gain a competitive advantage Rivalry Among Existing Firms (Low) 1. Threat of New Entrants 2. Threat of Substitute Products 3. Bargaining Power of Customers . Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining Power of Suppliers * High competition among suppliers | | | | * Volume is critical to suppliers | Bargaining Power of Customers | | * Product is important to customer| | * Large number of customers | Intensity of Existing Rivalry * Government limits competition| | * Large industry size | | | Threat of Substitutes * Substitute is lower quality | | * Substitute has lower performance | | * Limited number of substitutes| Threat of New Competitors * Strong distribution network required| | * High capital requirements| | * High learning curve | | Entry barriers are high | SWOT analysis Strengths * Spending on alternative energy. * Investment in high profile project. Weaknesses * Declining sales of refined products, resulting in lowering top line growth. * Declining replacement rates in recent years. Opportunities * Growing Asian-Pacific population and expansion of their economy will lead to greater demand for energy * Bio-fuels and alternative energy methods Threats * Prolonged global recession * International Union Strikes and other global political events (Environmental issues) SWAN Analysis StrengthThe brand image they have created sustaining over 80 years. Management who are highly skilled and to operate the com pany Weakness Declining profit over the years Unable to cope up with the existing competitors to become the leader in the industry Achievements Have major achievement in taking out the oil from deep of the desert Emerged as one of the biggest supplier of Oil Next Step Achieving the global leadership Beating the close competitors Developing the skill of the local employees. TOWS Matrix Factors| Weight| Rate| Weighted Score| Opportunities|   |   |   |Better management of product lines| 0. 18| 3| 0. 54| Globalization| 0. 21| 4| 0. 84| Environmental concerns| 0. 21| 4| 0. 84| | | | | Threats| | | | Fierce competition| 0. 2| 3| 0. 6| War and terrorist attack impact| 0. 2| 3| 0. 6| Total| 1. 00| | 3. 42| | | | | Strength| | | | The brand image| 0. 22| 3| 0. 66| Skilled management| 0. 13| 2| 0. 26| Enriched natural resources| 0. 15| 3| 0. 45| | | | | Weaknesses| | | | Improper utilization of natural resources| 0. 25| 3| 0. 75| Lack of local skilled labor| 0. 08| 2| 0. 16| Local techn ological non advancement| 0. 17| 2| 0. 34| Total| 1. 00| | 2. 62|

Saying No in French

Saying No in French Saying no in French is easy. The only problem is choosing from the many synonyms for no in French. Choose with care, because the differences between expressions are nuanced. Learn how to say the equivalents of  no, not a chance, I dont think so, down with, and more. The Many Faces of Non in French non noThis is the basic, standard French word for no. Non, je naime pas skier.   No, I dont like to ski. ah non /  oh non  Ã‚  oh noAh non and oh non express disappointment, as in oh no! or darn it! Ah non ! Ça ne marche pas !   Oh no! It doesnt work! non †¦Ã‚  Ã‚  no to...Non is followed by a noun to mean (say) no to or down with, especially in protests and demonstrations: Non au CPE !   No to the First Job Contract! Other synonyms for non      absolument pas  Ã‚  absolutely not  Ã‚  Ã‚  au contraire   on the contrary  Ã‚  Ã‚  aucun (problà ¨me, argent, etc.)   no (problem, money, etc)  Ã‚  Ã‚  bien sà »r que non  Ã‚  of course not  Ã‚  Ã‚  certainement pas   certainly not  Ã‚  Ã‚  des clous ! (familiar) no way!  Ã‚  Ã‚  du tout   not at all Expressions With Non   Ã‚  Ã‚  je crois que non  Ã‚  I dont think so  Ã‚  Ã‚  je ne dis pas non   I wouldnt say no  Ã‚  Ã‚  mais non   of course not  Ã‚  Ã‚  moi non   not me, I dont  Ã‚  Ã‚  nest-ce pas ?   no? right? isnt it?  Ã‚  Ã‚  niet ! (familiar) no way!  Ã‚  Ã‚  non merci - no thank you  Ã‚  Ã‚  non et non !   absolutely not!  Ã‚  Ã‚  non plus   not (that) either  Ã‚  Ã‚  non que subjunctive   not that †¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ou non ?   †¦ (are/will/do you verb) or not?  Ã‚  Ã‚  pas de (problà ¨me, temps, pain, etc)   no (problem, time, bread, etc.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  pas du tout   not at all  Ã‚  Ã‚  pas question ! (familiar) no way! not a chance!  Ã‚  Ã‚  pas tout fait   not exactly, not quite  Ã‚  Ã‚  que non !   absolutely not!

The Roman Tetrarchy and the Rule of Four

The Roman Tetrarchy and the Rule of Four The word Tetrarchy means rule of four. It derives from the Greek words for four (tetra-) and rule (arch-). In practice, the word refers to the division of an organization or government into four parts, with a different person ruling each part. There have been several Tetrarchies over the centuries, but the phrase is usually used to refer to the division of the Roman Empire into a western and eastern empire, with subordinate divisions within the western and eastern empires. The Roman Tetrarchy Tetrarchy refers to the establishment by the Roman Emperor Diocletian of a 4-part division of the empire. Diocletian understood that the huge Roman Empire could be (and often was) taken over by any general who chose to assassinate the emperor. This, of course, caused significant political upheaval; it was virtually impossible to unite the empire. The reforms of Diocletian came after a period when many emperors had been assassinated. This earlier period is referred to as chaotic and the reforms were meant to remedy the political difficulties that the Roman Empire faced. Diocletians solution to the problem was to create multiple leaders, or Tetrarchs, located in multiple locations. Each would have significant power. Thus, the death of one of the Tetrarchs would not mean a change in governance. This new approach, in theory, would lower the risk of assassination and, at the same time, made it nearly impossible to overthrow the entire Empire at a single blow. When he split up the leadership of the Roman Empire in 286, Diocletian continued to rule in the East. He made Maximian his equal and co-emperor in the west. They were each called Augustus which signified that they were emperors. In 293, the two emperors decide to name additional leaders who could take over for them in the case of their deaths. Subordinate to the emperors were the two Caesars: Galerius, in the east, and Constantius in the west. An Augustus was always emperor; sometimes the Caesars were also referred to as emperors. This method of creating emperors and their successors bypassed the need for approval of emperors by the Senate and blocked the power of the military to elevate their popular generals to the purple. [Source: The City of Rome in late imperial ideology: The Tetrarchs, Maxentius, and Constantine, by Olivier Hekster, from Mediterraneo Antico 1999.] The Roman Tetrarchy functioned well during Diocletians life, and he and Maximian did indeed turn over leadership to the two subordinate Caesars, Galerius and Constantius. These two, in turn, named two new Caesars: Severus and Maximinus Daia.  The untimely death of Constantius, however, led to political warring. By 313, the Tetrarchy was no longer functional, and, in 324, Constantine became sole Emperor of Rome.   Other Tetrarchies While the Roman Tetrarchy is the most famous, other four-person ruling groups have existed through history. Among the best-known was The Herodian Tetrarchy, also called the Tetrarchy of Judea. This group, formed after the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE, included Herods sons.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 40

Marketing - Essay Example Our sponsors are currently all the leading brands and we have been able to increase our ROI from 10% to 20% since last year. The best aspect of working with our team is that we have done proper research about our market and we have complete understanding about our target market and the customers. We have designed all our marketing activities in accordance with the needs of our market so that all their demands are easily fulfilled and our company can expand its services to other States as well. The grocery shopping on the website gives an awesome experience and it is rightly said that the store provides access to all the grocery items with utmost ease. There is enough evidence about the success of this website but more details need to be provided about the investors. However, the life of Chicago people has eased out to a greater extent as they can easily purchase all their groceries in less period of time. Hence, it would have been more beneficial if some details about the products and services offered at the website are provided which will give a snapshot of the range of products offered by

Analyse the difference between Economic Growth & Economic Development Essay

Analyse the difference between Economic Growth & Economic Development. What are the problems concerning measuring economic development Illustrate your answer using case studies - Essay Example Economic development is determined by the quality of life that the population enjoys due to the improvement of the various aspects life. This improvement can cause the region to realize economic growth. Economic growth, however, has a much narrower outlook of than economic development, in that; it refers to the increase in the value of products from the various sectors involved in the economy of a nation. The growth is usually expressed using the Gross Domestic Product GDP. When economic growth is realized in a region, it is not guaranteed that this growth will result in development. Another significant difference apart from the definition of the two terms is that, economic growth takes one dimension in that it is centered on increasing the GDP of a region. This is, however, different in economic development, since the latter involves a wider approach in that it is involved in the income created in the population and the improvement of the quality of life of individuals, since social amenities and structures are also improved (Capello and Nijkamp, 2008, 173). This will result in a positive effect in the lives of the population. Economic growth, however, is narrower in that growth will not necessarily have a positive impact on the population. The two phenomena are also different in that economic growth is quantitative. This is so since the phenomenon mostly deals with numbers in that the growth is translated by the figures and percentages. Economic development in contrast is measured in the quality since the development is translated to the improved livelihoods of the population. Economic development is, therefore, measured qualitatively (Arestis and Thirlwall, 2006, 109). Another noteworthy variation between the two is that economic development is irregular and spontaneous. It causes changes in the equilibrium that is